Por JORGE SENIOR
En la pasada columna buscamos los extremismos en Colombia en el aspecto de la violencia y los encontramos en el ELN, por el lado izquierdo del espectro, y por el lado derecho en el uribismo (junto a los sectores políticos que arrastra), el paramilitarismo reciclado y la doctrina militar del “enemigo interno”. Esta extrema derecha tiene una tradición que viene desde el conservatismo clerical y violento del siglo XIX, que hemos denominado el fascismo azul.
Ahora vamos a buscar los extremos en el espectro ideológico con relación a la economía y la cultura.
En el marco de la guerra fría los extremos eran claros: Comunismo y Neoliberalismo. El primero sustentaba el modelo estatista y colectivista soviético. El segundo, que surgió de las doctrinas de Frederick Hayek y el think tank de Mont Pelerin, rechazaba la teoría keynesiana y logró imponerse a partir de la escuela de Chicago, experimentando en Chile de la mano de Pinochet y luego hegemonizando las políticas económicas de EEUU y Reino Unido a partir de Reagan y Tatcher. Entre los extremos de los que ponían todos los huevos en la canasta del Estado y los adictos a la fe en el Mercado, se desarrolló el modelo de Estado de Bienestar, liderado por la Socialdemocracia. Sociedades como las naciones escandinavas alcanzaron así los mejores estándares de vida en términos de igualdad y libertad.
Desde la apertura económica de César Gaviria en los años noventa en Colombia la política económica se ha regido por el extremismo neoliberal, privatizando todo lo que han podido, vendiendo la empresas del Estado, exacerbando la desigualdad con políticas tributarias regresivas. Al mismo tiempo, las opciones estatistas de la extrema izquierda fueron extinguiéndose desde la caída del muro de Berlín. Aún perviven algunos mínimos extremismos de izquierda como el de Jorge Enrique Robledo, quién rechaza de plano y de manera dogmática todo tratado de comercio internacional y la adscripción de Colombia al club de la OCDE. Esta posición extremista de Robledo contrasta con la posición moderada y flexible de Gustavo Petro. Pero la matriz mediática y los pescadores de río revuelto en el “centro” tratan de vender la imagen de un Petro extremista y un Robledo moderado, en contravía de la realidad de los hechos.
Hay una gran diferencia entre el obsoleto estatismo colectivista y la política sensata de promover la defensa de lo público frente a la devastación producida por la gran tenaza de la privatización neoliberal y la corrupción. Lo que vimos en el gobierno de Bogotá Humana y lo que contiene el programa de Colombia Humana se encuentra a años-luz de distancia del estatismo colectivista. Tampoco se puede identificar de manera simplista lo Público con el Estado. Públicos son los bienes comunes, como el medio ambiente, por ejemplo, cuya defensa es prioritaria en tiempos de cambio climático antropogénico en trance de aceleración. El proyecto político de Colombia Humana, cuyo programa analizaremos críticamente en los próximos meses, se puede identificar claramente con la socialdemocracia y el liberalismo social, una visión política que en Colombia a duras penas ha tenido atisbos de gobierno, como en la época de la Revolución en Marcha de Alfonso López Pumarejo y luego en el programa de Gaitán que fue destrozado con las balas.
Por su parte, el neoliberalismo colombiano practica una “reducción” del Estado bien curiosa: vende a precio de huevo las empresas rentables del Estado pero agiganta la burocracia del sector público con empleados y contratistas que son fichas politiqueras que ni siquiera trabajan o hacen bien su función. La doctrina del “neoliberalismo a la colombiana” jamás renuncia a las mieles del clientelismo, pues sabe que sin esa práctica corrupta no puede gobernar. Y consecuente con su incoherencia simula una política social que no pasa de ser más que asistencialismo, otra herramienta del clientelismo con la cual se perpetúan en el poder al mismo tiempo que se profundiza la miseria de grandes sectores de la población, prisioneros por necesidad de las empresas electorales. ¿Esos récords de corrupción y clientelismo que baten gobierno a gobierno y década a década no son extremismo? ¿y no son extremismo las políticas económicas que extreman la miseria y amplían la brecha social haciendo a los ricos más ricos y a los pobres más pobres?
Peor aún. La concentración de la riqueza y del ingreso va de la mano con la concentración del poder y el autoritarismo, y en contravía de la separación e independencia de poderes. He ahí por qué el uribismo pretende subordinar las Cortes, reducirlas, ahogarlas presupuestalmente, al mismo tiempo que acapara todas las “ías” de control. Por eso nunca han aceptado que las entidades de vigilancia sean asumidas por la oposición al ganador de las elecciones, como sería lo lógico. Y ahora hasta la Junta del Banco de la República pretenden subordinar. De todo esto se deduce que el denominado neoliberalismo es en verdad un neoconservatismo, sobre todo en Colombia donde es subsumido en esa tradición centenaria que llamamos el fascismo azul.
Un conservatismo, hoy con ropaje uribista, que se expresa también en una ideología religiosa con valores arcaicos contrarios a las libertades individuales y al disfrute de la vida. Este extremismo de derecha se opone a la equidad de los géneros y a la sexualidad sin mojigaterías, mientras que promueve la discriminación de minorías étnicas y sexuales. No es casualidad que las sectas fundamentalistas, expresión extremista del fenómeno premoderno de la religión, pongan a votar a su rebaño por el que diga Uribe.
Si quisiéramos ponerle rostros a estos extremos abominables en el entorno del innombrable, bien pudiera ser Alberto Carrasquilla quien represente al extremismo neoliberal en el manejo económico y Alejandro Ordoñez sería la cara angelical del extremismo conservador religioso.
En conclusión: hay que vacunarse contra los extremismos. Y la vacuna se llama pensamiento crítico. Esta vacuna no se inyecta. Se ejercita como los músculos en el gimnasio.
Sobre el autor o autora
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