Alguien dijo una vez: “si quieres ganarte un Nobel, dedícate a la prosa”. Desde 1901, que se entrega este galardón, solo 34 escritores han sido reconocidos por su obra poética. De ellos, 16 mujeres han obtenido este reconocimiento.
Si se pregunta por un premio Nobel de Literatura poeta, tal vez el primero que viene a la mente es Pablo Neruda. Pero si se pregunta por mujer poeta o poetisa, como prefieren algunas que las llamen, basta regresar a la tierra natal de Neruda para encontrar a la también chilena Gabriela Mistral, quien le dedicó sus versos al amor, al engaño, al dolor, a la naturaleza, a los viajes y al amor por los niños.
Mistral fue la primera sudamericana en obtener este reconocimiento. Se puede decir además que fue la primera poetisa Nobel, ya que las anteriores cuatro mujeres que lo habían recibido, Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (1909), Grazia Deledda (1926), Sigrid Undset (1928) y Pearl Buck (1938) recorrieron también el mundo de las novelas, la dramaturgia, los cuentos y los ensayos. Algunas de ellas como Grazia Deledda, alcanzaron a explorar la poesía.
En 1966 vuelve a ganar una mujer, también poeta, la alemana Nelly Sachs, nacida en el seno de una familia judía que logró escapar de la persecución del nazismo. Su primer libro de poemas, En las moradas de la muerte, lo dedicó a sus hermanos y hermanas desaparecidos en los campos de exterminio nazi.
La polaca Wislawa Szymborska, la más reconocida poetisa después de Gabriela Mistral, obtuvo el Nobel en 1996. Pese a la amargura que le dejó la Segunda Guerra Mundial, donde vio morir a novios y primos, se convirtió en una autora irónica, divertidísima, celebratoria y suspicaz. La Academia dijo sobre ella en su fallo: “Por la poesía que con irónica precisión permite que el contexto histórico y biológico salga a la luz en fragmentos de realidad humana”.
De ahí en adelante, la austriaca Elfriede Jelinek (2004) y la rumana Herta Müller (2009) obtuvieron el Nobel, pero no propiamente por su obra poética, que también practicaron durante su vida literaria.
Por eso el premio Nobel de Literatura que hoy recibe Lousie Glück se puede considerar como el de una poetisa pura. La Academia le otorgó el premio “por su inconfundible voz poética que con una belleza austera hace universal la existencia individual”.
Louise Glück nació en Nueva York en 1943 y fue educada en el Sarah Lawrence College y en Columbia. En la actualidad es profesora de inglés de la Universidad de Yale. Su poesía se centra en la dolorosa realidad del ser humano y aborda temas como la muerte, la infancia y la vida familiar.
“Conocí sus versos a través de un amigo y me enamoré de su poesía nada más leer El iris salvaje, que fue el libro que la encumbró al lograr en 1993 el Premio Pulitzer. “Tuve el firme propósito de publicarle y no he parado”, explicó Manuel Borrás, editor de Pre-Textos en el diario El Mundo de España.
“Louise Glück es una poeta de la vida, esencialmente de la vida. Te puede contar algo doméstico pero siempre queda trascendido. Puede hablar de sus hermanos, pero a la vez está hablando de todos los hermanos. Tiene el poder de la universalización”, agregó Borrás.
Glück también obtuvo el National Book Award en 2014 por Faithful and virtuous night.
En una época donde la poesía ha perdido relevancia, vale la pena recordar algunos versos de la nueva premio Nobel.
Iris Salvaje
Al final del sufrimiento
me esperaba una puerta.
Escúchame bien: lo que llamas muerte
lo recuerdo.
Allá arriba, ruidos, ramas de un pino vacilante.
Y luego nada. El débil sol
temblando sobre la seca superficie.
Terrible sobrevivir
como conciencia,
sepultada en tierra oscura.
Luego todo se acaba: aquello que temías,
ser un alma y no poder hablar,
termina abruptamente. La tierra rígida
se inclina un poco, y lo que tomé por aves
se hunde como flechas en bajos arbustos.
Tú que no recuerdas
el paso de otro mundo, te digo
podría volver a hablar: lo que vuelve
del olvido vuelve
para encontrar una voz:
del centro de mi vida brotó
un fresco manantial, sombras azules
y profundas en celeste aguamarina.
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